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Research Article| Volume 7, ISSUE 2, P228-233, June 2019

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Current status and applications of 3D scanning in dentistry

Published:July 10, 2018DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2018.07.005
Current status and applications of 3D scanning in dentistry
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      Abstract

      3D scanning technologies are used to convert a physical model into digital 3D computer-aided design (CAD) file. This digital output is well used for designing and fabricating customised parts through additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. There is a need to identify the contemporary level of adoption of 3D scanning technology in the dental area. This structured literature review based research first tries to identify different types of scanning technologies and then the necessary steps as used to create a design and manufacture dental implant using the 3 D scanning. A large number of the relevant research papers on 3D scanning applications in dentistry are identified through Scopus and analysed using bibliometrics. This analysis indicates towards an increasing trend of research on 3D scanning applications in the field of dentistry. Different applications of this technology are discussed in the context of dentistry and observed that this technology create innovation in dental products for a dentistry lab. The dentist can take advantages of this technology towards designing custom teeth, crown, braces, dentures, veneers and aligner. 3D digital models also support teaching in dental education for better understanding and practice of the teeth anatomy. Along with the scanning of the complete denture of the patient, direct printing of the same is done by using AM technology produces denture which directly fits the mouth of the patient. It helps reduction of the complexity and production cycle time. 3D scanning technologies seem to have the potential for denture positioning and denture retention and improvement in existing dental implants.

      Keywords

      1. Introduction

      Dental laboratories are rapidly moving towards incorporating digital format and processes including 3D scanner, CAD and different additive manufacturing technologies. The 3D scanner captures data of unique dental anatomy of patient and converts into 3D digital CAD file. This file is easily editable/printable by functional additive manufacturing technologies. It improves the level of communication between the dentist and the patient. A 3D scanned model by this technology can help the technician to advise the patient. In dentistry 3D scanner capture data by projecting light source onto the object such as teeth, dental arches and implant scan bodies.
      • Birnbaum N.S.
      • Aaronson H.B.
      Dental impressions using 3D digital scanners: virtual becomes a reality.
      Comp Cont Educ Dent. 2008; 29: 494-505
      ,
      • Ahn J.S.
      • Park A.
      • Kim J.W.
      • Lee B.H.
      • Eom J.B.
      Development of three-dimensional dental scanning apparatus using structured illumination.
      Sensors. 2017; 17: 1-9
      Dentist required clear and concise picture during surgery for customised treatment. 3D scanners are quicker and more comfortable which captures multiple images and further merged to form a complete digital 3D model. Apparatus of these technologies have structured illumination and represents an object in a digital 3D format. It consists of a light source and camera/s. Light is projected on the surface of the object and camera capture the data. The accuracy of the scanned object depending on the camera resolution.
      • Javaid M.
      • Haleem A.
      Additive manufacturing applications in medical cases: a literature-based review.
      Alexandria J. Med. 2017; (in press)
      https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2017.09.003
      ,
      • Chalmers E.V.
      • McIntyre G.T.
      • Wang W.
      • Gillgrass T.
      • Martin C.B.
      • Mossey P.A.
      Intraoral 3D scanning or dental impressions for the assessment of dental arch relationships in cleft care: which is superior?.
      Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2016; 53: 568-577
      3D Scanners are automatic 3D acquisition devices which creates the digital 3D model from real 3D objects effectively in lesser time cost-effectively. It has high accuracy, affordable cost of product scanning, easy to use to produce a colour data. In the current scenario, 3D scanning technology is growing in many fields including those in education, medical, design which helps to create a design for the manufacturing of prototype. In design, manufacturing and inspection of parts, it plays a primary role for complex surfaces. For reverse engineering and inspection, a 3D scanner is a useful tool as it requires lesser time for capturing digitised surface data.
      • Toth T.
      • Zivcak J.
      A comparison of the outputs of 3D scanners.
      in: 24th DAAAM International Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation. 69. Procedia Engineering, 2014: 393-401
      ,
      • Van der Meer W.J.
      • Andriessen F.S.
      • Wismeijer D.
      • Ren Y.
      Application of intraoral dental scanners in the digital workflow of implantology.
      PLoS One. 2012; 7e43312
      There are many disadvantages of traditional method for measurement, such as confinement of the object of measuring to size; a regular shape and is more troublesome, laborious and time-consuming. However, three-dimensional scanning technologies can scan complex objects with excessive benefits like safety, high speed, and precision, especially time and cost saving. In the medical area, 3D scanning application is also widely used in visualisation and reconstruction of the human body parts such as orthotics, prosthetics and bones.
      • Flugge T.V.
      • Att W.
      • Metzger M.C.
      • Nelson K.
      Precision of dental implant digitization using intraoral scanners.
      Int J Prosthodont (IJP). 2016; 29: 277-283
      , 
      • Awasthi S.
      • Pandey N.
      Rural background and low parental literacy associated with discharge against medical advice from a tertiary care government hospital in India.
      Clin. Epidemiol. lobal Health. 2015; 3: 24-28
      , 
      • Javaid M.
      • Haleem A.
      Additive manufacturing applications in orthopaedics: a review.
      J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma. 2018; (in press)
      https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2018.04.008
      , 
      • Awasthi S.
      Biomedical publication – a neglected art in medical education in India.
      Clin. Epidemiol. Global Health. 2013; 5: 3-4

      2. Need for the study

      In dentistry, customisation is necessary because the data of all human being are not same. We need to be identifying the different scanning technologies and creation of a 3D physical dental model by adopting 3D scanning. The study shows the status of research carried out by 3D scanning and contribution of its application in dentistry. There is a need to undertake study for determining how 3D scanning helps to fulfil various requirements by using additive manufacturing technologies in lesser time with lower costs.

      3. Research questions

      This article addresses the following research questions:
      • RQ1: To study different types of scanning technologies with a brief description along with primary references.
      • RQ2: To identify relevant research articles on the 3D scanning applications in dentistry through Scopus and studied using bibliometric analysis.
      • RQ3: To identify and discuss steps used to create 3D dental implant using 3D scanning technique.
      • RQ4: To identified major 3D scanning applications in dentistry with a brief description along with primary references.

      4. Types of scanning

      Various technologies are which are being developed used to obtain data of the object, patient body, instruments or models. Table 1 discusses various technologies as used to scan models.
      Table 1Types of scanning with a brief description.
      S NoTypes of ScanningDescriptionReferences
      • 1
      • Mechanical scanning
      • •
        Measuring arms and coordinate measuring machines (CMM) contact scanner which is also known as mechanical scanners
      • •
        Obtaining the information through selected points rather than the entire surface
      • Cremer, 2001
        • Cremer S.C.
        Advanced sensor technologies replace CMM touch probes.
        Sens Rev. 2001; 21: 23-27
        ; Griffa, 2008
        • Griffa A.F.
        A paradigm shift for inspection: complementing traditional CMM with DSSP innovation.
        Sens Rev. 2008; 28: 334-341
      • 2
      • X-ray
      • •
        Used to produce an image of soft tissue such as organs, skin that cannot absorb high-energy rays, and pass beams through them
      • •
        Capturing the status of dense materials like bones who absorb the radiation through the X-rays
      • •
        Like a camera, X-rays are also developed on X-rays films depending upon the exposure area
      • •
        Used by dentists to diagnose and for a broad variety treatment
      • Latos and Janóczki, 2011
        • Latos I.
        • Janóczki M.
        Stability investigations of automatic X-ray inspection systems.
        Solder Surf Mt Technol. 2011; 23: 91-103
        ; Bogue, 2010
        • Bogue R.
        Novel X-ray scanner based on nanomaterials.
        Sens Rev. 2010; 30: 276-278
      • 3
      • Optical scanning
      • •
        This scanning technique works on the photographic principle
      • Rokicki et al., 2016
        • Rokicki P.
        • Budzik G.
        • Kubiak K.
        • et al.
        The assessment of geometric accuracy of aircraft engine blades with the use of an optical coordinate scanner.
        Aircraft Eng Aero Technol: Int J. 2016; 88: 374-381
        ; Wojciechowski and Suszynski, 2017
        • Wojciechowski J.
        • Suszynski M.
        Optical scanner assisted robotic assembly.
        Assemb Autom. 2017; 37: 434-441
      • •
        The object is scanned with several angles/positions and combine all the scans subsequently that create digitised 3D image
      • 4
      • CT scan
      • •
        CT scan sends X-ray beam to the body that moves through an arc and captures many pictures
      • •
        CT scan see inside tissue/solid organ having a different level of density
      • •
        It provides detail information about the human body
      • Keeling‐Roberts 2002
        • Keeling-Roberts C.S.
        Use of a proforma for reporting staging CT scans of the thorax.
        Br J Clin Govern. 2002; 7: 273-278
        ; Zeng et al., 2008
        • Zeng W.
        • Lin F.
        • Shi T.
        • et al.
        Fused deposition modelling of an auricle framework for microtia reconstruction based on CT images.
        Rapid Prototyp J. 2008; 14: 280-284
      • 5
      • Laser scanning
      • •
        Working of laser scanning is based on the triangulation principle
      • •
        Light reflected off from the object is sensed which capture data
      • •
        The angle of impact and position of the object is required appropriately during scanning
      • Momin et al., 2012
        • Momin O.
        • Shuja S.Z.
        • Yilbas B.S.
        Laser-induced melt pool formation in titanium surface: influence of laser scanning speed.
        Int J Numer Meth Heat Fluid Flow. 2012; 22: 990-1009
        ; Hanipah et al., 2018
        • Hanipah A.F.F.A.
        • Tahar K.N.
        Development of the 3D dome model based on a terrestrial laser scanner.
        Int. J. Build. Pathol. Adapt. 2018; 36: 122-136
      • 6
      • Ultrasound
      • •
        Ultrasound produces inside pictures of the body by using sound waves
      • •
        Helps to diagnose, the cause of swelling, pain and infections in the internal organs of the body
      • •
        Also, help in diagnose of heart conditions, guide biopsies and assess damage after a heart attack
      • •
        This scanning technology is non-invasive, safe and does not use any ionising radiation
      • Vaezi et al., 2012
        • Vaezi M.
        • Chua C.K.
        • Chou S.M.
        Improving the process of making rapid prototyping models from medical ultrasound images.
        Rapid Prototyp J. 2012; 18: 287-298
        ; Torres et al., 2015
        • Torres P.M.B.
        • Gonçalves P.J.S.
        • Martins J.M.M.
        Robotic motion compensation for bone movement, using ultrasound images.
        Ind Robot: Int J. 2015; 42: 466-474
      • 7
      • MRI Scan
      • •
        It uses powerful magnetic field and radio frequency pulses to achieve the detailed picture of bone, soft tissues, organs and other internal structure of the body
      • •
        This scanning technology also differentiates normal and abnormal tissue
      • •
        It helps to obtain an accurate diagnosis
      • Tischler et al., 2009
        • Tischler V.
        • Bronjewski E.
        • O'Connor K.
        • Calton T.
        Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning for research: the experiences of healthy volunteers and patients with remitted depressive illness.
        Ment Health Rev. 2009; 14: 23-30
        ; Rausch et al., 2003
        • Rausch M.
        • Gebhardt M.
        • Kaltenbacher M.
        • Landes H.
        Magnetomechanical field computations of a clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner.
        COMPEL Int J Comput Math Electr Electron Eng. 2003; 22: 576-588
      All these scanning technologies have a different application in industries, medical and in dentistry which help to solve different problems. 3D scanning gives an accurate measurement of mouth, teeth and jaw for better understanding before surgery. Innovation is an essential requirement in every field carried out by research, and this technology is also successfully used for reconstructive surgery like dental implants.
      • Awasthi S.
      • Verma T.
      • Agarwal M.
      • Singh J.V.
      • Srivastava N.M.
      • Nichterd M.
      Developing effective health communication messages for community acquired pneumonia in children under five years of age: a rural North Indian qualitative study.
      Clin. Epidemiol. Global Health. 2017; 5: 107-116

      5. Benefits of 3D scanning in dentistry

      3D scanning has various benefits in dentistry. It efficiently designs crown, implants and bridges in lesser time and cost. Various benefits of 3D scanning in dentistry are as under:
      • ➢
        Rapid production with customised design
      • ➢
        Comfort for the patient
      • ➢
        Time and cost efficiency
      • ➢
        Reduced risk
      • ➢
        Effective planning for the procedure and simplified procedure
      • ➢
        Better communication
      • ➢
        Improved learning
      • ➢
        View dental anatomy from different angles
      • ➢
        Increased success rate of treatment

      6. Research status on 3D scanning in dentistry

      Scopus database is used to identify the research articles in the area of 3D Scanning application searching keywords as “3D scanning” “Dentistry”; here we identified 18 articles published in this area till June 2018. The first research article on 3D scanning in dentistry got published in 2006. In each year of 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 there was only one article published, in 2013, no article was published in this field. In 2014 and 2015, two articles were published every year. In 2016, one and in 2017 five articles were published, surprisingly in 2018, no article is published up to mid-June in this area.
      There is a sustained increase in articles related to 3D scanning in dentistry. Fig. 1 shows the details of the papers published by different journals on 3D scanning in dentistry; this also shows the top five journals in this area. Out of top five, Forensic Science International, Journal of Forensic Sciences and Operative Dentistry have highest publications of two. British Dental Journal and European Journal of Dentistry have one publication each. Other sources and journals also one publication each these includes Lecture notes in electrical engineering, Quintessence international, International journal for numerical methods in biomedical engineering, International journal of legal medicine, Journal of orofacial orthopaedics, Progress in biomedical optics and imaging proceedings of SPIE, Romanian biotechnological letters and Russian open medical journal.
      Fig. 1
      Fig. 13 D scanning in dentistry: Top five Journals (Source: Scopus).
      Fig. 2 shows the area wise research on 3 D Scanning in dentistry; it observes that medical area published 24 per cent 3D scanning papers. Dentistry area contributes 17%, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology give 14% contribution, Engineering 10%, computer science 7%, material science 7%, physics and astronomy contributes 7%. Other areas also contribute 14% in this field that includes Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Environmental Science, Immunology and Microbiology and Mathematics.
      Fig. 2
      Fig. 23 D scanning in dentistry: area-wise contributions (Source: Scopus).
      Observed from the Scopus data, analysed that there is less work done in this area but applications of 3 D scanning in dentistry are increasing.

      7. Steps to create 3D dental implant using a 3D scanning technique

      3D digital model scanned by a 3D scanning technology provide complete and better information to the dentist and the surgeon. This 3D scanned model is easily printable by additive manufacturing technologies. Table 2 discusses the various steps as used to create a 3D model contemporarily.
      Table 2Steps to create 3D dental implant using a 3D scanning technique.
      S NoStepsDescriptionReferences
      1A physical model for scanning/input
      • •
        Developing a physical model, i.e. dentist model like teeth, jaw and associated parts
      • •
        Create a reference model, and sometimes this model is also compared with another model, obtained through other CAD processes/scanning process
      • •
        Preparing a dentist model well before the scanning
      		Hajeer et al., 2004
      • Hajeer M.Y.
      • Millett D.T.
      • Ayoub A.F.
      • Siebert J.P.
      Applications of 3D imaging in orthodontics: part I.
      J Orthod. 2004; 31: 62-70
      ; Logozzo et al., 2014
      • Logozzo S.
      • Zanetti E.M.
      • Franceschini G.
      • Kilpela A.
      • Mäkynen A.
      Recent advances in dental optics–Part I: 3D intraoral scanners for restorative dentistry.
      Optic Laser Eng. 2014; 54: 203-221
      23D Scanning
      • •
        Dental model needs scanning in all directions such as front, back and sides with different sets of input parameters
      • •
        The 3D scanner creates the resulting point clouds data by assembling different scans
      		Sakornwimon and Leevailoj 2017
      • Sakornwimon N.
      • Leevailoj C.
      Clinical marginal fit of zirconia crowns and patients' preferences for impression techniques using intraoral digital scanner versus polyvinyl siloxane material.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2017; 118: 386-391
      ; Londono et al., 2015
      • Londono J.
      • Abreu A.
      • Baker P.S.
      • Furness A.R.
      Fabrication of a definitive obturator from a 3D cast with a chairside digital scanner for a patient with severe gag reflex: a clinical report.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2015; 114: 735-738
      3Export data
      • •
        Export raw data into several types of useful files formats, such as STEP, IGES and STL formats
      • •
        Mostly STL format is exported due to the universality of its use
      • •
        It involves a surface triangle mesh
      		Javaid and Haleem 2017
      • Javaid M.
      • Haleem A.
      Additive manufacturing applications in medical cases: a literature-based review.
      Alexandria J. Med. 2017; (in press)
      https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2017.09.003


      Asquith and McIntyre, 2012
      • Asquith J.A.
      • McIntyre G.T.
      Dental arch relationships on three-dimensional digital study models and conventional plaster study models for patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate.
      Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2012; 49: 530-534
      4Edit data
      • •
        In this step, data can be changed, edited and modified
      • •
        Data is modified through different designing software and make changes as per requirement of the patient
      		Javaid and Haleem 2018
      • Javaid M.
      • Haleem A.
      Additive manufacturing applications in orthopaedics: a review.
      J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma. 2018; (in press)
      https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2018.04.008
      ; Del Corso et al., 2009
      • Del Corso M.
      • Aba G.
      • Vazquez L.
      • Darquard J.
      • Dohan Ehrenfest D.M.
      Optical three dimensional scanning acquisition of the position of osseointegrated implants: an in vitro study to determine method accuracy and operational feasibility.
      Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2009; 11: 214-221
      53D printing
      • •
        After modification in the data, a 3D solid object is fabricated from the 3D digital file by addition of materials layer by layer
      • •
        It is a reliable method for reconstruction of precise dentist model with cost-effectiveness as compared to other traditional techniques
      		Javaid et al., 2015
      • Javaid M.
      • Kumar L.
      • Kumar V.
      • Haleem A.
      Product design and development using polyjet rapid prototyping technology.
      Int. J. Contr. Theor. Inf. 2015; 5: 12-19
      ; Kumar et al., 2015
      • Kumar L.
      • Haleem A.
      • Tanveer Q.
      • Javaid M.
      • Shuaib M.
      • Kumar V.
      Rapid manufacturing: classification and recent development.
      Int. J. Adv. Res. Sci. 2017; 4: 29-40
      ; Haleem et al., 2016
      • Haleem A.
      • Khan A.
      • Javaid M.
      Design and development of smart landline using 3D printing technique.
      Int. J. Adv. Res. Innovat. 2016; 4: 438-447
      6Post-processing and inspection
      • •
        It is necessary to go for post-processing of printed model due to low strength and surface finish
      • •
        Inspection is also an essential step before actual implementation
      • •
        Model printed by a 3D printing technology must be as per required quality and strength under a specific condition
      		Lee et al., 2014
      • Lee J.H.
      Accelerated techniques for a post and core and a crown restoration with intraoral digital scanners and CAD/CAM and rapid prototyping.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2014; 112: 1024-1029
      ; Kumar et al., 2016
      • Kumar L.
      • Tanveer Q.
      • Kumar V.
      • Javaid M.
      • Haleem A.
      Developing low cost 3 D printer.
      Int J Appl Sci Eng Res. 2016; 5: 433-447
      During scanning, some parameters are necessary to be kept stable such as temperature, humidity and lighting. It is also necessary to perform a verification/calibration of 3D scanner before measurement, or group of analysis.

      8. Major applications of 3D scanning in dentistry

      Dentist healthcare professional requires a digital replica of patient mouth for various reasons. Now 3D scanners are available to create digital dentistry. It is an automated process which takes the scan of whole patient mouth in few minutes. In dentistry, 3D scanning is an essential tool because plaster model of the patient's mouth or teeth has to be built quickly and use this model for treatment planning, diagnosis and appliance construction. By using 3D scanning technique, it recreates a possible best fit model of the teeth, silicone maxillofacial prosthesis and ceramic crowns. It gave better accuracy and used in various applications in dentistry. (Please see Table 3).
      Table 3Applications of 3D scanning in dentistry.
      S NoApplicationsDescriptionReferences
      1Help to create teeth, denture, bridges and various other implants
      • •
        3D scanners are used to create dental devices perfectly
      • •
        Generate accurate digital data and recreation of teeth
      • •
        By using this technology, 3D information is available digitally and can be updated any time
      • •
        Help to create a complete set of denture that matches like an original
      		Andriessen et al., 2014
      • Andriessen F.S.
      • Rijkens D.R.
      • van der Meer W.J.
      • Wismeijer D.W.
      Applicability and accuracy of an intraoral scanner for scanning multiple implants in edentulous mandibles: a pilot study.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2014; 111: 186-194
      ; Benic et al., 2015
      • Benic G.I.
      • Elmasry M.
      • Hammerle C.H.
      Novel digital imaging techniques to assess the outcome in oral rehabilitation with dental implants: a narrative review.
      Clin Oral Implants Res. 2015; 26: 86-96
      ; Lee et al., 2015
      • Lee C.Y.
      • Wong N.
      • Ganz S.D.
      • Mursic J.
      • Suzuki J.B.
      Use of an intraoral laser scanner during the prosthetic phase of implant dentistry: a pilot study.
      J Oral Implantol. 2015; 41 (126–312)
      ; Wismeijer et al., 2014
      • Wismeijer D.
      • Mans R.
      • van Genuchten M.
      • Reijers H.A.
      Patients' preferences when comparing analogue implant impressions using a polyether impression material versus digital impressions (Intraoral Scan) of dental implants.
      Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014; 25: 1113-1118
      2Surgical planning
      • •
        A 3D digital dental model provides better planning before surgery which reduced operation time cost as well as risk
      • •
        The surgeon can predict the problem and understand better for a complicated procedure
      		Lin et al., 2013
      • Lin W.S.
      • Harris B.T.
      • Morton D.
      The use of a scannable impression coping and digital impression technique to fabricate a customized anatomic abutment and zirconia restoration in the esthetic zone.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2013; 109: 187-191
      ; Logozzo et al., 2011
      • Logozzo S.
      • Franceschini G.
      • Kilpel€a A.
      • Caponi M.
      • Governi L.
      • Blois L.
      A comparative analysis of intraoral 3d digital scanners for restorative dentists.
      Internet J Med Technol. 2011; 5: 1-18
      3Innovation in dentistry
      • •
        This technology creates innovation in implants, devices, products, teeth, appliances and solves various issues in dentistry
      • •
        It helps to provide the best advancement in dentistry to fulfil various updates requirements
      		Lowe 2009
      • Lowe R.A.
      CAD/CAM dentistry and chairside digital impression making.
      Dent Econ. 2009; 204: 505-511
      ; Singh et al., 2018
      • Singh R.P.
      • Kataria R.
      • Singhal S.
      Performance evaluation of macor dental ceramic: an investigation with rotary ultrasonic machining.
      Adv. Dent. Oral Health. 2018; 8: 1-6
      4Storage of patient data (reduce storage cost)
      • •
        The old part is stored in digital format and can be quickly retrieved to produce a dental product, moulds, tooling as and when required
      • •
        It is accurate and fastest way to update features of old parts and dentistry tools
      • •
        It makes innovative and up-to-date dental practice
      		Lin et al., 2015
      • Lin W.S.
      • Chou J.C.
      • Metz M.J.
      • Harris B.T.
      • Morton D.
      Use of intraoral digital scanning for a CAD/CAM-fabricated milled bar and superstructure framework for an implant-supported, removable complete dental prosthesis.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2015; 113: 509-515
      s; Miyazaki et al., 2009
      • Miyazaki T.
      • Hotta Y.
      • Kunii J.
      • Kuriyama S.
      • Tamaki Y.
      A review of dental CAD/CAM: current status and future perspectives from 20 years of experience.
      Dent Mater J. 2009; 28: 44-56
      ; Choi and Kim 2012
      • Choi H.S.
      • Kim S.H.
      The application of CAD/CAM in dentistry.
      J Kor Dent Assoc. 2012; 50: 110-117
      5Upgrades tools and equipment
      • •
        In dentistry one of the purposes of this technology is to design and upgrade tools and types of equipment
      • •
        It easily upgrades and modifies various dental implant and dentistry tools
      		Brawek et al., 2013
      • Brawek P.K.
      • Wolfart S.
      • Endres L.
      • Kirsten A.
      • Reich S.
      The clinical accuracy of single crowns exclusively fabricated by digital workflow-the comparison of two systems.
      Clin Oral Invest. 2013; 17: 2119-2125
      ; Nedelcu and Persson 2014
      • Nedelcu R.G.
      • Persson A.S.
      Scanning accuracy and precision in 4 intraoral scanners: an in vitro comparison based on 3-dimensional analysis.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2014; 112: 1461-1471
      ; An et al., 2014
      • An S.
      • Kim S.
      • Choi H.
      • Lee J.H.
      • Moon H.S.
      Evaluating the marginal fit of zirconia copings with digital impressions with an intraoral digital scanner.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2014; 112: 1171-1175
      ; Kim et al., 2016
      • Kim J.
      • Park J.M.
      • Kim M.
      • Heo S.J.
      • Shin I.H.
      • Kim M.
      Comparison of experience curves between two 3-dimensional intraoral scanners.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2016; 116: 221-230
      6Restore old part or devices (When no CAD data is available)
      • •
        Help in the manufacturing of correct teeth with correct alignment at an early stage
      • •
        Scanned model shows the requirement of various corrections
      • •
        The dentist can make innovative improvements in various devices which is better for the patient
      		Lee et al., 2013
      • Lee S.J.
      • Macarthur R.X.
      • Gallucci G.O.
      An evaluation of student and clinician perception of digital and conventional implant impressions.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2013; 110: 420-423
      ; Haleem and Javaid 2018
      • Haleem A.
      • Javaid M.
      3D scanning applications in medical field: a literature-based review.
      Clin. Epidemiol. Global Health. 2018; (in press)
      https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2018.05.006
      ; Patzelt et al., 2014
      • Patzelt S.B.
      • Emmanouilidi A.
      • Stumpf S.
      • Strub J.R.
      • Att W.
      Accuracy of full-arch scans using intraoral scanners.
      Clin Oral Invest. 2014; 18: 1687-1694
      ; Cuperus et al., 2012
      • Cuperus A.M.
      • Harms M.C.
      • Rangel F.A.
      • et al.
      Dental models made with an intraoral scanner: a validation study.
      Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2012; 142: 308-313
      7Research and development of implant
      • •
        A 3D scanner can easily undertake scanning of fossil teeth or mandibles to create anthropologists and archaeologist's research database
      • •
        3D scanner and designing software easily up-grade dentistry implants and other tools as per requirement which is helpful in research and development purpose
      		Naidu and Freer 2013
      • Naidu D.
      • Freer T.J.
      Validity, reliability, and reproducibility of the IOC intraoral scanner: a comparison of tooth widths and Bolton ratios.
      Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2013; 144: 304-310
      ; Lee et al., 2008
      • Lee H.
      • Ercoli C.
      • Funkenbusch P.D.
      • Feng C.
      Effect of subgingival depth of implant placement on the dimensional accuracy of the implant impression: an in vitro study.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2008; 99: 107-113
      ; Abdel-Azim et al., 2015
      • Abdel-Azim T.
      • Rogers K.
      • Elathamna E.
      • Zandinejad A.
      • Metz M.
      • Morton D.
      Comparison of the marginal fit of lithium disilicate crowns fabricated with CAD/CAM technology by using conventional impressions and two intraoral digital scanners.
      J Prosthet Dent. 2015; 114: 554-559
      ; Javaid and Haleem 2018
      • Javaid M.
      • Haleem A.
      Current status and challenges of Additive manufacturing in orthopaedics: an overview.
      J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma. 2018; (in press)
      https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcot.2018.05.008
      8Designing of oral healthcare items
      • •
        Designing is done quickly for oral healthcare items such as toothbrushes, flossing devices as per the number of teeth and human mouths shape, a size that assure a comfortable and good fit for the general population
      • •
        It fulfils the requirement of mass customisation and performs satisfactorily
      • •
        It is time and cost saving method
      		Anh et al., 2016
      • Anh J.W.
      • Park J.M.
      • Chun Y.S.
      • Kim M.A.
      • Kim M.J.
      A comparison on the precision of three-dimensional images acquired by two different digital intraoral scanners: effects of tooth irregularity and scanning direction.
      Korean J Orthod. 2016; 46: 3-12
      ; Mangano et al., 2017
      • Mangano F.
      • Gandolfi A.
      • Luongo G.
      • Logozzo S.
      Intraoral scanners in dentistry: a review of the current literature.
      BMC Oral Health. 2017; 17: 2-11
      ; Kravitz et al., 2014
      • Kravitz N.D.
      • Groth C.
      • Jones P.E.
      • Graham J.W.
      • Redmond W.R.
      Intraoral digital scanners.
      J Clin Orthod. 2014; 48: 337-347
      9Education and training
      • •
        3D scanning technology provides a better demonstration of internal and external human anatomy structure rather than 2D pictures
      • •
        Better illustration to the students for training purpose
      • •
        It gives colour 3D digital models for teaching as well as in research purpose for medical/dental education
      • •
        A better understanding of surgical procedure and problem
      		Kumar et al., 2018
      • Kumar L.
      • Shuaib M.
      • Tanveer Q.
      • Kumar V.
      • Javaid M.
      • Haleem A.
      3 D scanner integration with product development.
      Int J Eng Technol. 2018; 7: 220-225
      ;

      Marti et al., 2017
      • Marti A.M.
      • Harris B.T.
      • Metz M.J.
      • et al.
      Comparison of digital scanning and polyvinyl siloxane impression techniques by dental students: instructional efficiency and attitudes towards technology.
      Eur J Dent Educ. 2017; 21: 200-205
      3D scanning application helps dentist and surgeon to design and develop any implant and dental devices. In dentistry, it improves patient outcomes and used for preoperative planning, education, custom designing and make reliable operation. It provides a better understanding of surgeon and patient.

      9. Discussion

      3D scanning is an innovative technique towards customised designing of dental implants and other dental tools using different types of software. It efficiently designs/redesign any dental crowns, bridges, orthodontic braces and other devices and instruments as per patient requirement. The principle of a 3D scanning device is similar to that of a camera; here in this process, multiple images are combined to form a digital 3D model. This technology plays an essential role in research and development of dentistry implants and tools. Up-gradation in any dentistry model, tools and equipment are promising as per requirement of the dentist. It is quick scanning, and subsequent CAD modelling, compatibility to software analysis and integration to printing machine is wonderful which improves patient outcomes and overall reliability of the process. 3D scanning technologies easily help to recreate teeth of patients, jaws and other dental devices exact like an original. A surgeon can update tools and implants any time in the digital file. It reduces operation time and provides better planning before surgery for the complicated procedure. It gives an efficient design for all oral health items as per human mouth shape and size. 3D scanned model used to train medical student by better demonstrate internal and external anatomy.

      10. Future scope

      This technology is already used in various fields of engineering, medicine and dentistry to produce accurate product/medical model. It can design highly accurate 3D digital model of patient teeth as well as mouth which is very much helpful for treatment planning. In future, it will create development in digital dentistry and become more common in this field. This technology gives an accurate result and is patient-friendly as compared to other scanning technologies. It is used effectively for clinical research and clinic-pathological correlation which can well couple with holographic and virtual technology. It improves communication between patient and dentist. It helps to solve primary requirements of complexity and customisation because patient data is differing from one another. Researcher and dentist will apply this technology to study patient's anatomy, reverse engineering and research purpose. This non-contact technology measures human structure and provides the best training for medical education. In future, it will become an excellent approach that captures accurate data of the physical model, and additive manufacturing technologies easily print this data in less time and cost.

      11. Conclusion

      3D scanning has extensive application in dentistry in which designing of personalised dentistry models, drill guides for dental implants are possible. It has vast application areas such as industries, defense, aerospace, art, medical to enhance the customisation and rapid production. Nowadays, it has various applications in the field of dentistry in daily life. The research is continuously increasing which brings a new revolution in dentistry. It has great potential to design and develop tools for dentist and surgeons. In upcoming years this technology will bring a more dental product for a dentistry lab. The dentist can take advantages of this technology for design and help for the replacement of teeth, crown, braces, dentures, veneers and aligner. It gives a better understanding of complex pathology and anatomy of patients and is suitable for surgical training. The dentist can convert a new idea into a reality and save much time. By using this technology, there will be an improvement in the quality of life of the patient, and it will efficiently solve the problem in dentistry.

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      Article info

      Publication history

      Published online: July 10, 2018
      Accepted: July 6, 2018
      Received: May 31, 2018

      Identification

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2018.07.005

      Copyright

      © 2018 Published by Elsevier, a division of RELX India, Pvt. Ltd on behalf of INDIACLEN.

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