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Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Environmental Technologies Research Center (ETRC), Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
In medical centers one of the most important agents that can threated health patients and health care workers (HCWs) is Nosocomial infections (NIs).
Objective
The purpose of this study was to investigation of the relative frequency of NIs in Abadan, southwest of Iran.
Methods
In this descriptive study, the population under study contains on all the patients in Abadan teaching Hospitals, during 2015–2016. We in this study different information include ward of hospitalization, type of NI and patients’ site of infection were collected. In this study, in order to analyze Excel, SPSS 16.0 and descriptive statistical methods were utilized.
Results
The results of the present study showed that the relative frequency of NIs was low (<4%) found in this hospital during 2015–2016. According result our study, ICU and OBGYN was the most number of NIs. Result our stud showed that frequency of NIs was very lower in comparison with standard.
Conclusion
The most important the reasons for this low cases is as follows training programs related to the prevention of NIs.
According to scientific findings, occur infection among patient's during 48–72 h after hospital admission is the definition of Nosocomial infections (NIs).
NIs are among the most important causes of mortality, disability, prolonged hospitalization duration, high hospital costs, and high incidence of health problems in medical centers.
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Nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit: incidence, risk factors, outcome and associated pathogens in a public tertiary teaching hospital of Eastern India.
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Needle stick injuries (NSIs) are among the common injuries in the teaching hospitals and medical centers. NSIs commonly occur during needle recapping, drawing blood, transit disposal needle, passing the needles between personnel, needles penetration through the gloves and the skin, placing the needles in a poorly located sharps container, and failure to use appropriate personal protective equipment which are increasing among hospital admissions and resistance to a variety of antibiotics in the treatment of NIs.
Within the HCWs in regard to the risk of NSIs, nurses, surgeons and anesthesiologists, residents, midwives, operating room technicians, nurse aid, and workers tend to show relatively high rates, and radiologists and pediatricians relatively low rates of NSIs.
Strategies for the reduction of the risk of NIs and NSIs can include training of appropriate HCWs, increasing knowledge of authorities about these infections, avoiding hand-to-hand passing of sharp instruments, reduction of use of sharp devices, using useful safety boxes, and reduction of direct contact with needles and disposals.
Luzzati et al. in Triveneto area, Italy reported that the most important factor affecting the incidence of infection was hospitalization and the most common NIs were pulmonary infections in Intensive Care Units (ICU).
In similar work Amini et al. studied the Frequency of NIs in Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Arak. Their reported that the rates of surgical site infections were high and was highest in the ICU ward.
This study aimed to determine the epidemiology of nosocomial infection in Abadan, Southwest Iran, during 2015–2016.
2. Materials and methods
2.1 Methods
The cross-sectional study was performed among all the patients in Abadan teaching Hospitals, in the southwest of Iran during 2015 up to 2016.
This study was approved by the ethics committee of Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran (ethic no. IR.ABADANUMS.REC.1396. 248) in accordance with Helsinki declaration and guidelines. Criteria for the diagnosis of NIs were based on the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS).
In the present study, hospital supervisors of the infection control reported cases of NIs and NSIs, wards in which occurred and the sampling methods. NIs sampling was performed at random from patients with infections. Data about the patients’ site of infection, ward of hospitalization, and type of NIs were collected.
2.2 Description of study area
Abadan (30°20ʹN, 48°17ʹE), with a population of more than 300,000 individuals, is one of the metropolitans in Khuzestan province.
The coded data were entered in SPSS software version 16. Data analyses were performed using descriptive statistics (frequency, mean, and standard deviation for each variable).
3. Results
The number of NIs and NSIs in different wards of the hospital, including ICU, OBGYN, Internal, general surgery, emergency, operating room, and CCU, during 2015–2016 are presented in Table 1.
Table 1Distribution of occupational NSIs in the hospital wards during 2015–2016.
Hospital ward
Number of NIs 2015
Number of NIs 2016
ICU
51 (33.11%)
50 (26.45%)
Internal wards
33 (21.42%)
18 (9.52%)
General surgery
27 (17.53%)
35 (18.51%)
OBGYN wards
34 (22.07%)
52 (27.51%)
CCU
1 (0.65%)
–
Emergency wards
6 (3.89%)
25 (13.22%)
Operating room
2 (1.29%)
9 (4.76%)
Abbreviations: OBGYN: Health care worker; ICU: Intensive care unit.
The number of cases of NIs was154 and 189 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Totally, relative frequency of NIs was 3.214% and 2.89% in 2015 and 2016, respectively, in Abadan teaching hospitals. SSIs were the most frequent category of infection (54.55%), followed by blood stream infections (BSIs) (19.48%), pneumonia (18.18%) and UTI (7.8%) during 2015–2016 (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2Percentage of NIs based on type of infection, Abadan teaching Hospitals, during 2015–2016.
In recent years, NIs have been considered a serious threat to the quality of life and health of patients. The undertaken study showed, case of high risk injuries related to needle sticks, contaminated sharp and cutting objects, respectively. Based on the results of this research, the number of cases of NIs was 154 and 189 during 2015 and 2016, respectively, and relative frequency was 3.214% and 2.89% in 2015 and 2016, which was lower compared to rates of referenced NIs in the guideline book. According to the results of our study, SSIs were the most common type of infection in our hospital. Qader et al. (36) and Luzzati et al. (24) reported in their studies that pneumonia was the most common type of infection. These differences may be due to the number of patients studied, place of study, and genetic susceptibility.
In several studies, Zolldann et al. (38), Unal et al. (39), Jeong et al. (40), and Kaoutar et al. (41), to summarize, showed that ICU ward had the highest rate of NI as compared to other wards.
5. Conclusion
The results of our study showed that an increase in the HCWs knowledge can reduce the rate of NIs. In conclusion, the relative frequency rate of NIs among patients, respectively, in this hospital was low. The reason in which cause the low frequency of nosocomial infection in a hospital in Abadan, Iran perhaps could be the result of refusing the cases NIs report, under diagnosis by HCWs of educational hospital. We believe that this information is useful not only for HCWs, but also for administrators and others involved in the care of patients and residents of long-term care facilities inasmuch as there are little published comparative data on yearly rates of NIs among patients. It should be mentioned that necessary to continuous supervision, careful monitoring of surveillance system, maintain continuous surveillance and health education are necessary to reduce NIs and their adverse effects.
Limitations and strengths
The major limitations of this study were shortcomings in Iranian health registry system, was the biggest problem in accurate estimation of rates of NIs in this study. In summary, we believe this information is useful not only for us but for others involved in the care of residents in long-term care facilities inasmuch as there are little published data on yearly NIs rates among patients.
Funding/support
The authors gratefully acknowledge Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran for financial support and providing necessary facilities to accomplish thus research with project number of 96U-24.
Declaration of competing interest
Authors have no conflict of interests.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Student Research Committee, Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran for providing financial supported by the grant: (96 U-24) of this research.
This study was supported by Abadan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran for providing ethical issue: (IR.ABADANUMS.REC.1396. 248) of this research.
References
Salmanzadeh S.
Yousefi F.
Ahmadi F.
et al.
Evaluation of nosocomial infections in a teaching hospital.
Percutaneous injuries and transmission of HIV among cases referred for post exposure prophylaxis to razi hospital in ahvaz, a city in the southwest Iran.
Nosocomial infections in the intensive care unit: incidence, risk factors, outcome and associated pathogens in a public tertiary teaching hospital of Eastern India.
Indian J Crit Care Med : Peer-Reviewed Offc Pub Indian Soc Crit Care Med.2015; 19: 14-20
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